Ovid Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ovid - Research Paper Example This capability appeared to be very unimportant and the naiad didn’t stress over it, trusting her child would most likely live for quite a while. As he grew up, Narcissus was a delightful individual, causing each and every individual who saw him to experience passionate feelings for him. Be that as it may, Narcissus never discovered anybody he felt was deserving of his consideration. One of the individuals who had become hopelessly enamored with him was the sprite Echo, who wilted to simply her voice when Narcissus dismissed her affection. Another cheerful sweetheart was increasingly forceful and argued to Nemesis, the goddess of retaliation, that Narcissus should become hopelessly enamored with himself but then be not able to acknowledge his own affection. Foe conceded the solicitation by satisfying the destiny that Tiresias had anticipated. She made Narcissus know himself. At the point when Narcissus twisted around an away from pool for a beverage of water on a hot day, he s aw his appearance and in this manner ‘knew himself’. He speedily experienced passionate feelings for the picture he found in the pool and did all that he could to connect and associate with the figure be that as it may, since it was just a reflection, every one of his endeavors just made the object of his reverence vanish. At long last understanding that the picture he is seeing is a reflection that he will always be unable to hold, Narcissus beats his bosom in despondency and kicks the bucket there by the side of the pool. Consequently, regardless of the amount he may have been not able to know himself in some other manner in view of his own pomposity, the basic system of seeing his own appearance, in this way knowing the picture others had adored, was sufficient to achieve his destiny. These kinds of stories are told through a focal connecting outline, which likewise interfaces it to other significant old style essayists like Chaucer, Dante and

Annotated Refernces list final Free Essays

Authoritative and media worry among proficient football players: Testing an Achievement Goal Theory Model This article incorporates an examination that was to research media and mentor competitors stress that would be experienced by the expert football players by inspecting or testing the objective hypothesis model. The examination was around 82 football players that needed to finish a few polls. All in all the investigation shows that the mentors of the expert football players are encouraged to lessen the accentuation on execution that would diminish the pressure. We will compose a custom exposition test on Clarified Refernces list last or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now The data in this article is objective since it was totally founded on certain issues that occurred with proficient football players. The objective of this article would show how much these players get. Indication the article would be helpful for me recorded as a hard copy the paper. The article relates particularly to my point which is about worry for competitors, so I will have the option to expound more on what makes these competitors have pressure. Stress-Related Breathing Problems: An Issue for Elite Swimmers The article discusses an issue that tip top swimmers may have pressure due to breathing issues. The article indicated an examination that number of swimmers who have this issue is expanding. The examination in the article demonstrated 24 first class swimmers in two distinctive swim clubs in Norway. The examination clarifies that swimmers Will have breathing issues when they have higher power in their exercises and going to class over that would cause more worry in their every day life. I accept that that data is all goal on the grounds that the article demonstrated an examination that happened to certain swimmers. The most effective method to refer to Annotated Refernces list last, Papers

Disadvantages of Using Technology in the Classroom Essay

Much of the time, innovation is a genuine gift to the current study hall, making access to data quicker and more obvious than at any other time. Be that as it may, much the same as every single new development, it isn't without disadvantages. Here are some of them One of the main cons of study hall innovation is the budgetary perspective. Only one out of every odd school can manage the cost of the various bits of gadgets required for even a solitary study hall to be completely prepared. Best case scenario a few schools can just bear the cost of a set number of these items.But it’s not just this. When innovation is bought for a school, the expense of upkeep and support can be unreasonably costly for the school to keep up. Obsolete programming and equipment parts can have compability issues with accessible projects. Except if the instructor is very much prepared in innovation and can bolster the equipment in the study hall, an IT will be expected to investigate issues whicj implies significantly more scpenses for the school. Additionally, the expense of fixing broken hardware might be unreasonably costly for school spending plans. All together for a school to effectively incorporate innovation, there must be a substitution or refreshing arrangement set up to keep innovation refreshed and valuable. Due to association issues, downloading issues, illicit programming and different troubles, educators can once in a while quit utilizing it essentially in light of the fact that the absence of time. To lose the 10 minutes time frame due to network issues isn't reasonable, and it’s one of the primary purposes behind the disappointment of innovation combination in schools To summarize, innovation can be incredible learning and teaching apparatus, however schools should initially inquire as to whether they have the assets, the material as well as HR, to manage the cost of and keep up such costly hardware . This can prompt understudies and educators going after such assets, which can just influence gravely to the school condition. While innovation can be an incredible expansion to the homeroom, it additionally can be a wellspring of disappointment for the two educators and understudies. Except if the educator is all around prepared in innovation and can bolster the equipment in the study hall, an IT will be expected to investigate issues.. Moreover, innovation regularly needs visit upkeep to save it in great condition for use. When innovation is bought for a school, the expense of upkeep and support can be unreasonably costly for the school to keep up. Obsolete programming and equipment segments can have compability issues with accessible projects. Likewise, the expense of fixing broken gear might be unreasonably costly for school financial plans. All together for a school to effectively incorporate innovation, there must be a substitution or refreshing arrangement set up to keep innovation refreshed and valuable.

Avoiding Student Loan Debt By

A college education has always been considered as one of the most important ingredients for achieving success. Unfortunately, earning a diploma today is becoming more difficult, not only because of the multiple coursework but because of how expensive college is. The cost of higher education has risen to astronomical heights that most families simply do not have the means to afford college altogether. Meanwhile, student debt can run into tens of thousands. According to the latest figures, the average student owes $35,000, which is a dire prospect that dissuades many from enrolling in college. Being elbow deep in debt, however, doesnt have to be the price of earning a degree. In this post, we look at some of the ways to avoid crippling student loans.Apply for ScholarshipsGetting a scholarshipis one of the most viable ways to avoid taking out costly loans. There are different types of scholarships. For instance, a merit-based scholarship is granted to students who exhibit excellent acad emic performance. On the other hand, an athletic scholarship is provided to students who excel in certain sports and play for their schools athletic organizations. Merit-based and athletic scholarships are just two of many different types of scholarships. When applying for a scholarship, it is important for you to know the options available and the qualifications that you have. It also helps if you maintain good grades and an overall solid academic performance. You can start looking for scholarships by consulting your school counselors. Some colleges also have designated offices that specifically handle such concerns.Apply for Financial AidApplying for financial aid is another way to lower costs and avoid taking out student loans. There are various programs that offer financial aid for students with financial needs. For instance, the Free Application for Federal Student Aid or FAFSA provides students who qualify with financial aid. In fact, FAFSA can be filed every year. Similarly. The Federal Supplemental Opportunity Grant or FSEOG is designed to aid students who face pressing financial need.Attend Community College FirstA lot of students get caught up with the idea of entering their dream colleges that they often overlook community colleges. Attending a community college is, in fact, one of the best ways to avoid being in debt. Community colleges tend to be far more affordable. By attending a community college, you can take general education courses that can later be transferred to four-year colleges and universities. Spending a year or two in a community college, for instance, can dramatically lower your costs. This gives you the chance to earn your diploma at your dream school without incurring the full cost.Attend a State College/UniversityMany students think that only private schools are capable of providing high-quality education. This notion cannot be further from the truth. In reality, there are so many public educational institutions across the count ry that offer an excellent education at a fraction of the cost. For instance, a number of institutions have been dubbed as Public Ivies, since the quality of education they offer is on a par with that of the Ivy League.Get a Part-Time JobGetting a part-time job is another way to offset some of the cost of a college education. Assuming that your schedule gives you some free time, you can use this to take up a part-time job. Though part-time jobs do not really pay much, the money you earn can still help you avoid taking out expensive loans. For instance, earning enough to cover your food expenses or at least your rent can help a lot, considering that private loans charge sky-high interests. A lot of schools even offer students employment.Take Some Time OffIf you have just graduated from high school and still undecided over your choice of major, it is probably wiser for you to just take some time off. Consider the risks. If you immediately enroll in college while your minds not yet mad e up, you might just decide to change your major later. Changing your major, of course, means that youd incur new expenses. On the other hand, taking some time off gives you the chance to decide on what you want. You can also spend this time to work and save up for your fees.Cut Down Costs Where PossibleYou may be unaware of it, but managing your small expenses better can have a significant impact on your financial standing. Consider, for instance, how buying your coffee from cafes every day costs a lot in the long run or how paying only the minimum for your credit card bills results in more interest. Being more mindful of how you spend your money can make a big difference. For example, sticking to your allowance budget means that you can save more money that you can in turn use for paying some school fees, thus sparing you the need to take out more loans.Essay Service Company for StudentsEvery year, thousands of students graduate from college already steeped in debt even before lan ding their first job. But while staggering student loans have become a national crisis, there are ways to avoid crippling debts. These include applying for scholarships and financial aids, attending community colleges or state schools, and getting a part-time job, among others. While these measures may not cover all expenses, they can certainly help in bringing expenses down and ensuring that students graduate with minimal student loans. And if you think you will still need academic help for the purpose of bagging that scholarship, you have come to the right place. We at are an essay writing service, or to be more precise, and academic help company. Whether you are in need of custom essay help to be granted full scholarship, or simple essay writing help for your cover letter for that part-time job, we got you covered. Consider us your 24/7 ally when it comes to all writing tasks. Go ahead, allow us to be part of your journey to success.

E-Commerce and Cybercrime - 1515 Words

Chapter 11 ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS 1. What can be done to improve e-commerce security on the Internet? Give several examples of security measures, and technologies you would use. Students’ answers will vary. However, some issues can be more policing, standard protocols, encryption, scrambling data, public and private key encryption methods, fire walls, secure network access, security monitors, virus defenses, security codes, backup files, biometrics controls, computer failure controls, fault tolerant systems, and disaster recovery planning. 2. What potential security problems do you see in the increasing use of intranets and extranets in business? What might be done to solve such problems? Give several examples.†¦show more content†¦6. Refer to the Real World Case on Exodus Communications in the chapter. How vulnerable to cybercrime by hackers, criminals or terrorists are the networked computer systems at your home, school, and place of business? Discuss the reasons for your conclusions. No network computer system anywhere is truly safe from the activities of this group of people. It is not safe to make any type of assumptions that your systems are safe from the efforts of those who want to create havoc in cyberspace. No matter how carefully planned a system is, the temptation exists for others to attempt an attack. Even the most secure networks in the world have been attacked in one form or another. Companies must keep on their toes to ensure that do not leave their systems unprotected. Holes in your programs can lead to backdoors that cyber criminals can come through. Cybercrime weapons are becoming increasingly more complex, have greater potential for harm, and are easier for even most inexperienced hackers to use. 7. Is there an ethical crisis in e-business today? What role does information technology play in unethical business practices? Information technology has made it easier to communicate, work cooperatively, share resources, and make decisions, all electronically. However, IT has also made it possible to engage in ethical as well asShow MoreRelatedCyber Law1506 Words   |  7 Pages2000. The act was amended in 2008.The act which is there to oste... (More) India cyber (internet) laws is largely governed by the Information Technology Act 2000. The act was amended in 2008.The act which is there to ostensibly promote electronic commerce also provides for penalties and criminal offenses. Get more information on cyber laws in India criminal offenses. Get more information on cyber laws in India. ROLE OF CYBER LAW IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES: Cyber law is a generic term, which denotesRead MorePorters Five Forces:. Threat Of New Entrantspower Of Supplierspower1261 Words   |  6 Pagesexample, in 2015 there was news of a new eReader named Kobo Glo HD. It was stated that â€Å"a display every bit as pixel-packed as Amazon’s stunning Kindle Voyage—at a $70 discount† (Barrett, 2015) Power of Suppliers: This is Medium. Even though Amazon sells e-books for different operating systems, the Kindle products that will only access content inside Amazons content. This is the same for other suppliers such as Apple. Apple announced in July 2011, that it was removing all non-Apple platform apps from theirRead MoreDigital Evidence And Law Enforcement Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesmobile phones, among others, and are often referred to as e-crimes. However, to fight e-crime, law enforcement must collect relevant digital evidence for such crimes, law enforcement agencies are incorporating the collection and analysis of digital evidence, also referred to as computer forensics, into many of their infrastructures. 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We all take a sort of false comfort in the basic anonymity of the internet; however, when we think about it, that could end up being the single biggest risk to our own safety today. When we typically think of crimes committed against us, we could probably nameRead MoreDescriptions and Definitions of the Internet and E-Commerce1117 Words   |  5 PagesIbikunle Grillo) Alao, Benjamin (2012). DQ1: Technology Update. The article is very thorough in its descriptions and definitions of the web, the internet and e-commerce.I fully support the stance the author takes on thesedefinitions and capabilities of the internet and e-commerce. As noted in the paper,In order to understand the concept of e-commerce, it is important to have a true understanding of the concept of internet. Internet is defined by Rayport and Jaworski (2002,p.40) as a collection of wiresRead MoreCyber Secuirty and Cyber Crime1643 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Crime and Security Cybercrime or electronic crime generally refers to criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, tool, target, or place of a crime. These categories are not exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more category. Additionally, although the terms computer crime and cybercrime are more properly restricted to describing criminal activity in which the computer or network is a necessary part of the crime, these terms are also sometimes

Karl Marx s Class Conflict Theory - 1710 Words

Karl Marx’s Class Conflict Theory Introduction Karl Marx believed that struggle or conflict among classes was an inevitable feature of capitalism based on the argument that various groups in a society or social classes perpetually fight and compete for resources and power, hence the groups remains polarized against each other. The Karl Marx’s conflict theory views behavior from the perspective of conflict or tension among two or more groups. The conflict does not necessarily translate to violence but rather takes the form of struggle within political negotiations, business, philosophical ideologies or personal attitudes. A critical analysis of Karl Marx conflict theory’s point of view reveals that the conflict of social classes is the major aspect of societal conflict, and is mostly propagated by the differences in economic statuses and inequalities in distribution. Human societies have been class based in some way and the class factor has been the most basic dividing or differentiating factor between broad social groups. In the economic sphere that Marx’s theory focuses on, there is a class that own and control means of economic production which could be referred to as the upper class, and there is the class that maybe own nothing, but their ability to sell their labor power in return for wages which could be referred to as the middle or low class. From that understanding, and based on the conflict theory, one might argue that unequal distribution of resources and accessShow MoreRelatedWhy Marx s Social Theory Place So Much Emphasis On Class Conflict And The Economic Aspects Of Society? Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes Marx s social theory place so much emphasis on class conflict and the economic aspects of society? Karl Marx is one of the most influential and revolutionary philosopher, economist and sociologist of the 19th century. His thoughts not only shaped our understandings of the capitalistic world but also created a new system of social organization, communism. His ideology also defined the key political figures of the cold war period such as Stalin, Mao and Castro. Without Marx, theRead MoreThe Communist Manifesto And Das Kapital1507 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx A German philosopher, economist, journalist and revolutionary scientist, Marx was best known for his work in economics. He laid the foundations for today s theories of labor and capital. The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital were among the most famous of his published works. Born to a middle-class family in Trier, Prussia in 1818, his parents were Jewish, but converted to Christianity in 1816 due to strict anti- Jewish laws. He was baptized as a Christian at the age of six but laterRead MoreSocial Conflict Theory1130 Words   |  5 Pageswould contend, predominantly the crimes of the poor) can be questioned. 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We will be discussing how Karl Marx developed his theory of class conflict and look at the different areas of society and howRead MoreHow Does Class Conflict Affect Society and What Are Its Consequences?1324 Words   |  6 PagesHow does class conflict affect society and what are its consequences? As Karl Marx once said: ‘In class society, everyone lives as a member of a particular class, and every kind of thinking, without exception, is stamped with the brand of a class.’ In this essay we will be discussing the affect class conflict has on society from the 1600’s up until the modern world today. We will be discussing how Karl Marx developed his theory of class conflict and look at the different areas of society andRead MoreKarl Marx s Theories Of History And The Theory Of Human Nature Essay1714 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx was a nineteenth century philosopher, born in Trier, Prussia (Germany) in 1818 to a middle class family and later died in 1883. Karl Marx’s philosophies on society, politics and economics is collectively understood as Marxism. He was a materialist and an atheist who had a profound impact on the world of intellectual thought. This paper will aim to discuss and determine with reference to Marx’s deterministic theory of history and the theory of human nature, if human beings are essentiallyRead MoreConflict Theories Focus On The Political Nature Of Crime1439 Words   |  6 PagesConflict theories focus on the p olitical nature of crime and examine the creation and application of the law. Conflict theory fundamental assumption is that society is characterized more by conflict than by collective consensus. This characterization allows conflict theory to be viewed at on a continuous spectrum from different vantage points. On one end of the spectrum is the pluralistic view that infers that society is composed of different groups which are in a struggle for maintain their interestRead MoreKarl Marx And The Great Philosopher Essay988 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx was born in Trier, Prussia in 1818 to a Jewish family, but despite his baptism at age 6, he later became an atheist. Marx attended University of Bonn, but due to his imprisonment for drunkenness and variances with another student, he was enrolled in the University of Berlin by his parents. Marx earned his degree in philosophy and began writing for Rheinische Zeitung, a liberal democratic newspaper. He later became their editor. Marx w as a member of Young Hegelian movement which was groupRead MoreKarl Marx s Class Theory1687 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marx’s class theory rests on the presumptions that each society in existence emanates from the history of class struggles. 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Moderating Social Journal Research Business -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Moderating Social Journal Research Business? Answer: Introduction Recently I have been provided with Confirmation from the probationary training in an organization as a weight bridge control operator. I wondered at the diversified ways in which training was provided to employees like me. Within the training course, social media communication was included. I has a thrilling experience when the trainer was practically demonstrating the ways and means of communicating with the stakeholders and shareholders on the social networking sites. This thrill increased when I myself indulged in a conversation with one of our clients. This enhanced my confidence regarding the execution of business activities through technology. However, the client was very hot tempered. I felt very difficult to deal with her. I was struggling to direct the truck driver to drop the carriage at the target destination. However, he was unable to follow the instructions. This was because of the poor network in the intercoms. I was in the office, watching the movements of the truck dr iver, who was driving and following my instructions. Due to poor voice quality, there were misunderstanding between us, which delayed the delivery of the goods. When this was becoming unbearable, I consulted my manager. He helped me a lot. If he hadnt encouraged and motivated me, I would not have been able to deal with the client. As soon as the trainer briefed me about my work, I felt very nervous, as I was being shifted to a bigger workplace. Thoughts came to my mind that a supervisor would always be there to check my performance. These thoughts gave rise to the doubts, hesitations and dilemmas regarding the performance, which I would make. However, I was wrong. I was given a desk, a laptop of latest design with efficient and strong internet connection. Interpretation and evaluation of the events and experience Getting employed in a position, where I have to deal with wide ranging people and products possesses flexibility towards enriching my preconceived skills, expertise and knowledge. In this process, getting a cooperative trainer and manager leads me towards my professional development. However, it gives me pain to say that I am not that fortunate to get both a cooperative trainer and manager. I am in full praise of my manager. If I remain under his training, I am sure that I would be able to gain promotion. I feel face to face sessions would prove beneficial for me in terms of discovering my weak points and discovering the ways and means to solve them. In terms of dealing with one of the hot-tempered clients, I can say that it is natural. However, at the initial stage, this would seem difficult and complex. With time and practice, I feel I would be able to improve my terms with different clients, with whom I have to deal with. Here, I think patience is the best guide. I am aware that I would face obstacles in dealing with the clients. Rational approach towards the obstacles would create a positive image about me in the minds of the managers. On the contrary, giving up would make the manager feel that I am incapable of executing the duties and responsibilities allocated to me. Convincing the clients is an art, which achieves best results if ornamental words are used in communication. If I use tactics for luring the clients, I think they would think about investing in the services of the organization Reflection on the usefulness of the information My confirmation has broadened my scope and arena of professional knowledge, of which the managers and trainers are the agents. Along with this, communicating with the clients online needs market research, which has enhanced my awareness regarding the various sources, in which I can invest. Maintaining consistency in this research would make me acquainted with the various communication channels, which would polish my communication skills. Viewing it from the other perspective, I can provide coaching to the truck drivers regarding the follow up with the instructions on the intercom. This would act as an experiment with my professional knowledge, which I am gaining through the performance in the present company. Along with this, providing coaching would help me to act as a practical application of the learnt skills towards the execution of the allocated duties and responsibilities. In the initial stage, I would face difficulties. However, with practice, I would attain perfection in the activities, which I indulge in. Consistent evaluation would help me to upgrade the standard and quality of my oral communication skills. Description of the events and experience After a hard days work, social media is my companion, who makes me acquainted with the events happening around me. I have lots of friends on Facebook, trough whom I come to know about their latest trends and activities. I also have an account on Twitter, where my knowledge is upgraded about the approaches of the people regarding the events happening around them. In my leisure time, I surf various articles, journals and websites, which enrich my knowledge on current affairs. While surfing, I only access those websites, which do not need subscription for full access. This prevents my personal information from being hacked. Along with this, I keep my personal information in hidden folders, which needs password for opening. Except me, nobody knows the password. I also have an account in one of the prestigious banks. I avail the net banking services. Once, my password was leaked and I lost all my personal details. I received a call from a stranger. He told that he is an agent from the bank and need the password for account upgradation. I blindly believed him and suffered the loss. After that, I felt an unusual kind of fear, doubts and hesitations regarding the effectiveness of the work, which I did. These doubts haunted me throughout the day, affecting my concentration in the workplace. Interpretation and evaluation of the events and experience Having accounts on so many social networking sites reflects my widespread presence among the external sources. This presence possesses flexibility towards enriching my knowledge, skills and expertise. Along with this, it is also an indication towards knowledge transfer from the skilled and experienced persons to me. However, I think interacting with people on social media needs rationally and tactics. Not all the persons can be trusted. In comparison to the trustworthy persons, the number of strangers is more. I wonder at the technique these stranger uses to hack the personal information of the innocent people like me. Here, generosity and kindness gets more preference than conscience. I think I need to generosity need to be shown to the people, who are really in need of it rather than the people, who just use it as a mask for pretending that they are really in a helpless situation. I am saying this in response to the increased cases of cyber bullying cases. I feel myself fortunate that I have not being made a victim of cyber bullying. However, my sympathy goes to all those who have been a victim of cyber bullying and have lost all their personal details. Here my experience can be defined as traumatic, as it has affected my self-respect. Delving deep into my behavior, I feel the generosity is a common response in terms of a person needing help. Herein I can relate the behavioral theory. From the childhood, we are taught that we must help the person, needing help. In the childhood, judgment regarding the character of the person is nil. As we attain maturity, we become acquainted with the nature and characteristic traits of the person. Telling the bank password is a reasoned action of mine in terms of the lessons and moral values inculcated within us. Here, planning is nullified. Gaining insight into the increase of cyber crimes enhances our consciousness of the mistakes, which I have committed. This insight would attain shape upon the attainment of maturity, both in terms of age and intellect. Reflection on the usefulness of the information Keeping account on the various social mediums is a prospective offer in terms of broadening my scope and arena of knowledge. Expressing the interest to learn would create a positive image in the minds of the scholars and the professors to provide their guidance to me. If I take certain initiatives towards altering my personality, they would be eager to help me. Referring to the external sources would provide me with the platform for achieving fluency in my communication. Exposing persistent approach in this regards would broaden my perspective towards the prospective sources. Giving presentation in lecture sessions online would enhance my confidence regarding my social interaction. Attending Spoken English classes would be a wise step for me in terms of polishing my current communication skills. Setting short term goals would be beneficial towards progressing in a systematic manner. Therefore, starting from neighborhood would be a gradual progression towards refining my oral communic ation skills. Taking feedbacks from the neighbors, friends, peers and relatives online would help me to assess the effectiveness, appropriateness and feasibility of my planning. References Blommaert, J. and Varis, P., 2017. Conviviality and collectives on social media: Virality, memes, and new social structures.Multilingual Margins: A journal of multilingualism from the periphery,2(1), pp.31-31. Cornelissen, J. and Cornelissen, J.P., 2017.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. El Ouirdi, A., El Ouirdi, M., Segers, J. and Henderickx, E., 2015. Employees' use of social media technologies: a methodological and thematic review.Behaviour Information Technology,34(5), pp.454-464. Florini, S., 2014. Tweets, Tweeps, and Signifyin Communication and Cultural Performance on Black Twitter.Television New Media,15(3), pp.223-237. Kimmel, A.J. and Kitchen, P.J., 2014. WOM and social media: Presaging future directions for research and practice.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), pp.5-20. McDonald, P. and Thompson, P., 2016. Social media (tion) and the reshaping of public/private boundaries in employment relations.International Journal of Management Reviews,18(1), pp.69-84. Panahi, S., Watson, J. and Partridge, H., 2016. Information encountering on social media and tacit knowledge sharing.Journal of Information Science,42(4), pp.539-550. Picard, R.G., 2015. The humanisation of media? Social media and the reformation of communication.communication Research and Practice,1(1), pp.32-41. Shen, G.C.C., Chiou, J.S., Hsiao, C.H., Wang, C.H. and Li, H.N., 2016. Effective marketing communication via social networking site: The moderating role of the social tie.Journal of Business Research,69(6), pp.2265-2270. Sorrells, K., 2015.Intercultural communication: Globalization and social justice. Sage publications. Sun, Y.C. and Yang, F.Y., 2015. I help, therefore, I learn: service learning on Web 2.0 in an EFL speaking class.Computer Assisted Language Learning,28(3), pp.202-219. Valentini, C., 2015. Is using social media good for the public relations profession? A critical reflection.Public Relations Review,41(2), pp.170-177

Susan Sontag Essay Example Essay Example

Susan Sontag Essay Example Paper Susan Sontag Essay Introduction In the essay titled â€Å"America Seen through Photographs Darkly† Susan Sontag discusses the advent of realism, the misinterpretations of realism, and the acceptance of surrealism as a substitute for realism in the realm of photography in America. Sontag chooses the thoughts of Walt Whitman to provide a framework for studying the works of photographers from the 1930s to the 1960s. In so doing, Susan Sontag makes many controversial statements. While some may be accepted logically, there are others which can be refuted. What is significant however is that Susan Sontag through this essay creates awareness of what beauty and importance means, and of what realism means in the context of photography.Walt Whitman perceived the democratic values of culture as that which existed beyond the contexts of beauty and ugliness, importance and triviality. According to Walt Whitman, nobody would fret about beauty and ugliness. The views of Walt Whitman changed the view of artists in many fiel ds dramatically. Artists took seriously Whitman’s program of populist transcendence of the democratic transvaluation of beauty and ugliness, importance and triviality. This resulted in an inclination to portray reality as it was rather than focusing only on traditional concepts of beauty. In the case of photography, this desire, instead of resulting in demystification of reality has resulted in a mystification of the art according to Sontag. This argument of Sontag is further strengthened by Susie Linfield who says that though photographs (of humanism) don’t explain the way the world works ..it’s true that photographs document the specific, they tend, also, to blur—dangerously blur—political and historic distinctions†. She explains this with the example. A photograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Berlin, circa 1945, looks much like a photograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Hanoi, circa 1969, which looks awfully similar to a p hotograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Baghdad from last week.This is a mystifying aspect of realism. Further according to Susie Linfield, people generally approach photographs, first and foremost, on an emotional level. She points out that Brecht regarded all feeling as dishonest and dangerous. In the book â€Å"Witness Iraq: A War Journal February–April 20003† there is one image showing six women in a cemetery outside Baghdad. The picture was taken by Jerome Delay, a French war photographer for the Associated Press and the caption tells us, â€Å"Relatives of Mohammed Jaber Hassan weep over his coffin . . . Hassan, 22, died when a bomb fell on a busy market in Baghdad’s Shula district.† Because the picture is dated â€Å"03/29/03,† we know that the bomb was probably an American one and that it was dropped on the civilian marketplace almost certainly by accident. If the picture were dated 2006, then, it would imply that the bomb was plant ed by insurgents in Iraq (Linfield, 2006). Thus, we can conclude that Susan Sontag is very right in pointing to the mystification that happens when photographers become humanistic in approach.Sontag says, â€Å"To photograph is to confer importance. No moment is more important than any other moment; no person is more interesting than any other person†. One of the most talked about photographs of recent times is the picture of an anonymous Afghan refugee woman taken by photographer Steve McCurry for the cover of National Geographic Magazine June 1985. The photograph showed the piercing stare of a young woman peering from a bedraggled cloak. The piercing green eyes epitomized the tragic story of dispossessed children everywhere and the image became a 20th-century icon. It was only recently in 2002, that Steve McCurry could trace her back and found that the woman’s name was Sharbat Gula (Connor, 2002).â€Å"Whitman thought he was not abolishing beauty but generalizing it . So, for generations, did the most gifted American photographers, in their polemical pursuit of the trivial and the vulgar†. Susan Sontag talks about Walker Evans as the last great photographer to have worked seriously in mood derived from Whitman’s euphoric humanism. She says that Evans was not as arty as Stieglitz. In the words of Sontag, â€Å"Evans sought a more impersonal kind of affirmation, a noble reticence, and a lucid understatement†. She justifies her statement that Evans was not arty by pointing out that Evan never tried to express himself in the photographs (like an artist does). He took photographs of architectural still life of American facades and exacting portraits of Southern sharecroppers in the 1930s. This view of Sontag is supported by Lincoln Kirstein who wrote ‘Looked at in sequence they are overwhelming in their exhaustiveness of detail, their poetry of contrast, and, for those who wish to see it, their moral implication†. Thi s explains why Sontag said that Evan’s project seemed to descend from Whitman. Evans project showed a leveling of discriminations between the beautiful and the ugly. Sontag further makes the point that everything is morally equivalent to a photograph. Evans wanted his works to be literate, authoritative and transcendent. Whitman preached empathy, concord in discord oneness in diversity. This message of identification with other Americans links Whitman and Evans in a subtle manner.â€Å"The moral universe of the 1930s being no longer ours, these adjectives are barely creditable today. Nobody demands that photography be literate. Nobody can imagine how it could be authoritative. Nobody understands how anything, least of all a photograph, could be transcendent†. John Szarkowski, in his introduction to â€Å"Walker Evans† explains the meaning thus: â€Å"The photographer must define his subject with an educated awareness of what it is and what it means; he must des cribe it with such simplicity and sureness that the result seems an unchallengeable fact, not merely the record of a photographer’s opinion; yet the picture itself should possess a taut athletic grace, an inherent structure, that gives it a life in metaphor†. There have been impressive photographers whose work can be considered literate, authoritative and transcendent, such as those of Weegee, Helen Levitt, Homer Page, Gordon Parks, Roy DeCarava, Robert Frank, and others. The works of these photographers convey the mixed artistic mood of the postwar period. The most subjective artistic photography of the period is seen in the work of Frederick Sommer, Minor White, Harry Callahan, and Aaron Siskind, while the art of applied photography is exemplified in fashion and portrait images by Richard Avedon, Irving Penn, Arnold Newman, and others. Thus, Susan Sontag seems to be somewhat pessimistically judgmental in holding that there is no one who understands what it means to be literate, authoritative and transcendent.Susan Sontag compares the works of Edward Steichen and Diane Arbus. Steichen’s work was aimed at showing all human is one and that human beings are attractive creatures. Steichen’s choice of photographs assumes a human condition or a human nature shared by everybody. Individuals are born work laugh and die everywhere in the same way. Arbus showed that this is a world in which everybody is an alien, hopelessly isolated, and immobilized, in mechanical crippled identities and relationships. Diane Arbus aimed at showing that all human is one and that human beings are horrific monsters. According to Sontag, while Steichen universalized the human condition into joy, Arbus universalized it into horror. Everybody Arbus photographed was a freak. This argument can be refuted. The main complaint Sontag places against Arbus is that she chose ugliness and horror subjects, made them pose, and took frontal pictures that were grotesque. Sontag , with an air of disapproval, claimed that Arbus’ work â€Å"lined up assorted monsters and borderline cases-most of them ugly; wearing grotesque or unflattering clothing; in dismal or barren surroundings’. Sontag says that Arbus interest in freaks expresses a desire to violate her own innocence, to undermine her sense of being privileged, to vent her frustration at being safe. This accusation by Sontag does not have any truth in it. Arbus’ work took a dark turn in her final works when her mental health deteriorated and that was seen in the collected grouped as â€Å"Untitled, 1970-71† in the retrospective organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art that showed at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art in spring 2005. In her early works, Arbus brought out humanity in her subjects and coaxed out their personality. Sontag says that â€Å"Anybody Arbus photographed was a freak,† citing, as one of several examples, a boy waiting to march in a pro-war march wearing a â€Å"Bomb Hanoi† button. This earnest young man is definitely not a freak. The picture is of a naà ¯ve, fresh-scrubbed boy, rather typical of the 1960s, and shows the young man as he is. No doubt he is shown as ignorant and absurd in his act of wearing the Bomb Hanoi button, but he cannot be considered a â€Å"freak,† when the truth is that many Americans, sadly, supported the Vietnam War. One of the best pictures of Arbus is â€Å"The 1938 Debutante of the Year at Home, Boston, 1966,† a picture of an extremely privileged woman well into the transition from middle age to seniority smoking in her bed. Every pore of this woman exudes privilege, captured in astonishing clarity by Arbus, a perhaps unequaled master of technique (Dolack, 2006). This woman would not have considered herself a ‘freak’. Another photo that Sontag did specifically mention is the â€Å"human pincushion† of New Jersey, a middle-aged man who, while demonstrating his specialty, nonetheless is very proud. The privileged once-debutante and the circus performer are both comfortable with themselves and thus in front of the camera.Also evident in her attack on Arbus is the fact that Sontag considers the aim of a photograph is to make something beautiful. Well, one can disagree with this statement. A photograph doesn’t necessarily make something beautiful. Consider, for example, Garry Winogrand’s picture of a legless veteran surrounded by pedestrians on a busy New York street. It’s a very strong picture, compelling and well-made. Yet, the ugliness of that man’s situation is not only exposed but amplified. Then consider Winogrand’s picture of a black man looking at a rhinoceros in a zoo – the animal’s horn is missing and what’s left in its place is ugly and disturbing, as is the recognition seen in the man’s face. Thus, two photographers whose work quickly refutes S ontag’s contention are Robert Frank and Garry Winogrand. There are several others. Arbus explains: â€Å"Most people go through life dreading they’ll have a traumatic experience. Freaks were born with their trauma. They’ve already passed their test in life. They’re aristocrats.† These words show clearly that Arbus’s personal and intellectual attractions to oddities of nature and society convey a responsiveness that is also a sense of responsibility (Schjeldahl, 2005).Thus in the essay â€Å"America Seen through Photographs Darkly† Susan Sontag makes some intellectual observations and some controversial statements. While it is true that realism in American photography has been mystifying to a certain extent and every person is given importance in a photograph, it is false that there have been no photographers who understand the meaning of making a photograph ‘literate, authoritative and transcendent† Sontag is false in her claim that photographs should aim to capture the beautiful; – and false in her attacks on Arbus. Susan Sontag Essay Thank you for reading this Sample! Susan Sontag Essay Example Essay Example Susan Sontag Essay Example Paper Susan Sontag Essay Introduction In the essay titled â€Å"America Seen through Photographs Darkly† Susan Sontag discusses the advent of realism, the misinterpretations of realism, and the acceptance of surrealism as a substitute for realism in the realm of photography in America. Sontag chooses the thoughts of Walt Whitman to provide a framework for studying the works of photographers from the 1930s to the 1960s. In so doing, Susan Sontag makes many controversial statements. While some may be accepted logically, there are others which can be refuted. What is significant however is that Susan Sontag through this essay creates awareness of what beauty and importance means, and of what realism means in the context of photography.Walt Whitman perceived the democratic values of culture as that which existed beyond the contexts of beauty and ugliness, importance and triviality. According to Walt Whitman, nobody would fret about beauty and ugliness. The views of Walt Whitman changed the view of artists in many fiel ds dramatically. Artists took seriously Whitman’s program of populist transcendence of the democratic transvaluation of beauty and ugliness, importance and triviality. This resulted in an inclination to portray reality as it was rather than focusing only on traditional concepts of beauty. In the case of photography, this desire, instead of resulting in demystification of reality has resulted in a mystification of the art according to Sontag. This argument of Sontag is further strengthened by Susie Linfield who says that though photographs (of humanism) don’t explain the way the world works ..it’s true that photographs document the specific, they tend, also, to blur—dangerously blur—political and historic distinctions†. She explains this with the example. A photograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Berlin, circa 1945, looks much like a photograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Hanoi, circa 1969, which looks awfully similar to a p hotograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Baghdad from last week.This is a mystifying aspect of realism. Further according to Susie Linfield, people generally approach photographs, first and foremost, on an emotional level. She points out that Brecht regarded all feeling as dishonest and dangerous. In the book â€Å"Witness Iraq: A War Journal February–April 20003† there is one image showing six women in a cemetery outside Baghdad. The picture was taken by Jerome Delay, a French war photographer for the Associated Press and the caption tells us, â€Å"Relatives of Mohammed Jaber Hassan weep over his coffin . . . Hassan, 22, died when a bomb fell on a busy market in Baghdad’s Shula district.† Because the picture is dated â€Å"03/29/03,† we know that the bomb was probably an American one and that it was dropped on the civilian marketplace almost certainly by accident. If the picture were dated 2006, then, it would imply that the bomb was plant ed by insurgents in Iraq (Linfield, 2006). Thus, we can conclude that Susan Sontag is very right in pointing to the mystification that happens when photographers become humanistic in approach.Sontag says, â€Å"To photograph is to confer importance. No moment is more important than any other moment; no person is more interesting than any other person†. One of the most talked about photographs of recent times is the picture of an anonymous Afghan refugee woman taken by photographer Steve McCurry for the cover of National Geographic Magazine June 1985. The photograph showed the piercing stare of a young woman peering from a bedraggled cloak. The piercing green eyes epitomized the tragic story of dispossessed children everywhere and the image became a 20th-century icon. It was only recently in 2002, that Steve McCurry could trace her back and found that the woman’s name was Sharbat Gula (Connor, 2002).â€Å"Whitman thought he was not abolishing beauty but generalizing it . So, for generations, did the most gifted American photographers, in their polemical pursuit of the trivial and the vulgar†. Susan Sontag talks about Walker Evans as the last great photographer to have worked seriously in mood derived from Whitman’s euphoric humanism. She says that Evans was not as arty as Stieglitz. In the words of Sontag, â€Å"Evans sought a more impersonal kind of affirmation, a noble reticence, and a lucid understatement†. She justifies her statement that Evans was not arty by pointing out that Evan never tried to express himself in the photographs (like an artist does). He took photographs of architectural still life of American facades and exacting portraits of Southern sharecroppers in the 1930s. This view of Sontag is supported by Lincoln Kirstein who wrote ‘Looked at in sequence they are overwhelming in their exhaustiveness of detail, their poetry of contrast, and, for those who wish to see it, their moral implication†. Thi s explains why Sontag said that Evan’s project seemed to descend from Whitman. Evans project showed a leveling of discriminations between the beautiful and the ugly. Sontag further makes the point that everything is morally equivalent to a photograph. Evans wanted his works to be literate, authoritative and transcendent. Whitman preached empathy, concord in discord oneness in diversity. This message of identification with other Americans links Whitman and Evans in a subtle manner.â€Å"The moral universe of the 1930s being no longer ours, these adjectives are barely creditable today. Nobody demands that photography be literate. Nobody can imagine how it could be authoritative. Nobody understands how anything, least of all a photograph, could be transcendent†. John Szarkowski, in his introduction to â€Å"Walker Evans† explains the meaning thus: â€Å"The photographer must define his subject with an educated awareness of what it is and what it means; he must des cribe it with such simplicity and sureness that the result seems an unchallengeable fact, not merely the record of a photographer’s opinion; yet the picture itself should possess a taut athletic grace, an inherent structure, that gives it a life in metaphor†. There have been impressive photographers whose work can be considered literate, authoritative and transcendent, such as those of Weegee, Helen Levitt, Homer Page, Gordon Parks, Roy DeCarava, Robert Frank, and others. The works of these photographers convey the mixed artistic mood of the postwar period. The most subjective artistic photography of the period is seen in the work of Frederick Sommer, Minor White, Harry Callahan, and Aaron Siskind, while the art of applied photography is exemplified in fashion and portrait images by Richard Avedon, Irving Penn, Arnold Newman, and others. Thus, Susan Sontag seems to be somewhat pessimistically judgmental in holding that there is no one who understands what it means to be literate, authoritative and transcendent.Susan Sontag compares the works of Edward Steichen and Diane Arbus. Steichen’s work was aimed at showing all human is one and that human beings are attractive creatures. Steichen’s choice of photographs assumes a human condition or a human nature shared by everybody. Individuals are born work laugh and die everywhere in the same way. Arbus showed that this is a world in which everybody is an alien, hopelessly isolated, and immobilized, in mechanical crippled identities and relationships. Diane Arbus aimed at showing that all human is one and that human beings are horrific monsters. According to Sontag, while Steichen universalized the human condition into joy, Arbus universalized it into horror. Everybody Arbus photographed was a freak. This argument can be refuted. The main complaint Sontag places against Arbus is that she chose ugliness and horror subjects, made them pose, and took frontal pictures that were grotesque. Sontag , with an air of disapproval, claimed that Arbus’ work â€Å"lined up assorted monsters and borderline cases-most of them ugly; wearing grotesque or unflattering clothing; in dismal or barren surroundings’. Sontag says that Arbus interest in freaks expresses a desire to violate her own innocence, to undermine her sense of being privileged, to vent her frustration at being safe. This accusation by Sontag does not have any truth in it. Arbus’ work took a dark turn in her final works when her mental health deteriorated and that was seen in the collected grouped as â€Å"Untitled, 1970-71† in the retrospective organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art that showed at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art in spring 2005. In her early works, Arbus brought out humanity in her subjects and coaxed out their personality. Sontag says that â€Å"Anybody Arbus photographed was a freak,† citing, as one of several examples, a boy waiting to march in a pro-war march wearing a â€Å"Bomb Hanoi† button. This earnest young man is definitely not a freak. The picture is of a naà ¯ve, fresh-scrubbed boy, rather typical of the 1960s, and shows the young man as he is. No doubt he is shown as ignorant and absurd in his act of wearing the Bomb Hanoi button, but he cannot be considered a â€Å"freak,† when the truth is that many Americans, sadly, supported the Vietnam War. One of the best pictures of Arbus is â€Å"The 1938 Debutante of the Year at Home, Boston, 1966,† a picture of an extremely privileged woman well into the transition from middle age to seniority smoking in her bed. Every pore of this woman exudes privilege, captured in astonishing clarity by Arbus, a perhaps unequaled master of technique (Dolack, 2006). This woman would not have considered herself a ‘freak’. Another photo that Sontag did specifically mention is the â€Å"human pincushion† of New Jersey, a middle-aged man who, while demonstrating his specialty, nonetheless is very proud. The privileged once-debutante and the circus performer are both comfortable with themselves and thus in front of the camera.Also evident in her attack on Arbus is the fact that Sontag considers the aim of a photograph is to make something beautiful. Well, one can disagree with this statement. A photograph doesn’t necessarily make something beautiful. Consider, for example, Garry Winogrand’s picture of a legless veteran surrounded by pedestrians on a busy New York street. It’s a very strong picture, compelling and well-made. Yet, the ugliness of that man’s situation is not only exposed but amplified. Then consider Winogrand’s picture of a black man looking at a rhinoceros in a zoo – the animal’s horn is missing and what’s left in its place is ugly and disturbing, as is the recognition seen in the man’s face. Thus, two photographers whose work quickly refutes S ontag’s contention are Robert Frank and Garry Winogrand. There are several others. Arbus explains: â€Å"Most people go through life dreading they’ll have a traumatic experience. Freaks were born with their trauma. They’ve already passed their test in life. They’re aristocrats.† These words show clearly that Arbus’s personal and intellectual attractions to oddities of nature and society convey a responsiveness that is also a sense of responsibility (Schjeldahl, 2005).Thus in the essay â€Å"America Seen through Photographs Darkly† Susan Sontag makes some intellectual observations and some controversial statements. While it is true that realism in American photography has been mystifying to a certain extent and every person is given importance in a photograph, it is false that there have been no photographers who understand the meaning of making a photograph ‘literate, authoritative and transcendent† Sontag is false in her claim that photographs should aim to capture the beautiful; – and false in her attacks on Arbus. Susan Sontag Essay Thank you for reading this Sample! Susan Sontag Essay Example Essay Example Susan Sontag Essay Example Paper Susan Sontag Essay Introduction In the essay titled â€Å"America Seen through Photographs Darkly† Susan Sontag discusses the advent of realism, the misinterpretations of realism, and the acceptance of surrealism as a substitute for realism in the realm of photography in America. Sontag chooses the thoughts of Walt Whitman to provide a framework for studying the works of photographers from the 1930s to the 1960s. In so doing, Susan Sontag makes many controversial statements. While some may be accepted logically, there are others which can be refuted. What is significant however is that Susan Sontag through this essay creates awareness of what beauty and importance means, and of what realism means in the context of photography.Walt Whitman perceived the democratic values of culture as that which existed beyond the contexts of beauty and ugliness, importance and triviality. According to Walt Whitman, nobody would fret about beauty and ugliness. The views of Walt Whitman changed the view of artists in many fiel ds dramatically. Artists took seriously Whitman’s program of populist transcendence of the democratic transvaluation of beauty and ugliness, importance and triviality. This resulted in an inclination to portray reality as it was rather than focusing only on traditional concepts of beauty. In the case of photography, this desire, instead of resulting in demystification of reality has resulted in a mystification of the art according to Sontag. This argument of Sontag is further strengthened by Susie Linfield who says that though photographs (of humanism) don’t explain the way the world works ..it’s true that photographs document the specific, they tend, also, to blur—dangerously blur—political and historic distinctions†. She explains this with the example. A photograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Berlin, circa 1945, looks much like a photograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Hanoi, circa 1969, which looks awfully similar to a p hotograph of a bombed-out apartment building in Baghdad from last week.This is a mystifying aspect of realism. Further according to Susie Linfield, people generally approach photographs, first and foremost, on an emotional level. She points out that Brecht regarded all feeling as dishonest and dangerous. In the book â€Å"Witness Iraq: A War Journal February–April 20003† there is one image showing six women in a cemetery outside Baghdad. The picture was taken by Jerome Delay, a French war photographer for the Associated Press and the caption tells us, â€Å"Relatives of Mohammed Jaber Hassan weep over his coffin . . . Hassan, 22, died when a bomb fell on a busy market in Baghdad’s Shula district.† Because the picture is dated â€Å"03/29/03,† we know that the bomb was probably an American one and that it was dropped on the civilian marketplace almost certainly by accident. If the picture were dated 2006, then, it would imply that the bomb was plant ed by insurgents in Iraq (Linfield, 2006). Thus, we can conclude that Susan Sontag is very right in pointing to the mystification that happens when photographers become humanistic in approach.Sontag says, â€Å"To photograph is to confer importance. No moment is more important than any other moment; no person is more interesting than any other person†. One of the most talked about photographs of recent times is the picture of an anonymous Afghan refugee woman taken by photographer Steve McCurry for the cover of National Geographic Magazine June 1985. The photograph showed the piercing stare of a young woman peering from a bedraggled cloak. The piercing green eyes epitomized the tragic story of dispossessed children everywhere and the image became a 20th-century icon. It was only recently in 2002, that Steve McCurry could trace her back and found that the woman’s name was Sharbat Gula (Connor, 2002).â€Å"Whitman thought he was not abolishing beauty but generalizing it . So, for generations, did the most gifted American photographers, in their polemical pursuit of the trivial and the vulgar†. Susan Sontag talks about Walker Evans as the last great photographer to have worked seriously in mood derived from Whitman’s euphoric humanism. She says that Evans was not as arty as Stieglitz. In the words of Sontag, â€Å"Evans sought a more impersonal kind of affirmation, a noble reticence, and a lucid understatement†. She justifies her statement that Evans was not arty by pointing out that Evan never tried to express himself in the photographs (like an artist does). He took photographs of architectural still life of American facades and exacting portraits of Southern sharecroppers in the 1930s. This view of Sontag is supported by Lincoln Kirstein who wrote ‘Looked at in sequence they are overwhelming in their exhaustiveness of detail, their poetry of contrast, and, for those who wish to see it, their moral implication†. Thi s explains why Sontag said that Evan’s project seemed to descend from Whitman. Evans project showed a leveling of discriminations between the beautiful and the ugly. Sontag further makes the point that everything is morally equivalent to a photograph. Evans wanted his works to be literate, authoritative and transcendent. Whitman preached empathy, concord in discord oneness in diversity. This message of identification with other Americans links Whitman and Evans in a subtle manner.â€Å"The moral universe of the 1930s being no longer ours, these adjectives are barely creditable today. Nobody demands that photography be literate. Nobody can imagine how it could be authoritative. Nobody understands how anything, least of all a photograph, could be transcendent†. John Szarkowski, in his introduction to â€Å"Walker Evans† explains the meaning thus: â€Å"The photographer must define his subject with an educated awareness of what it is and what it means; he must des cribe it with such simplicity and sureness that the result seems an unchallengeable fact, not merely the record of a photographer’s opinion; yet the picture itself should possess a taut athletic grace, an inherent structure, that gives it a life in metaphor†. There have been impressive photographers whose work can be considered literate, authoritative and transcendent, such as those of Weegee, Helen Levitt, Homer Page, Gordon Parks, Roy DeCarava, Robert Frank, and others. The works of these photographers convey the mixed artistic mood of the postwar period. The most subjective artistic photography of the period is seen in the work of Frederick Sommer, Minor White, Harry Callahan, and Aaron Siskind, while the art of applied photography is exemplified in fashion and portrait images by Richard Avedon, Irving Penn, Arnold Newman, and others. Thus, Susan Sontag seems to be somewhat pessimistically judgmental in holding that there is no one who understands what it means to be literate, authoritative and transcendent.Susan Sontag compares the works of Edward Steichen and Diane Arbus. Steichen’s work was aimed at showing all human is one and that human beings are attractive creatures. Steichen’s choice of photographs assumes a human condition or a human nature shared by everybody. Individuals are born work laugh and die everywhere in the same way. Arbus showed that this is a world in which everybody is an alien, hopelessly isolated, and immobilized, in mechanical crippled identities and relationships. Diane Arbus aimed at showing that all human is one and that human beings are horrific monsters. According to Sontag, while Steichen universalized the human condition into joy, Arbus universalized it into horror. Everybody Arbus photographed was a freak. This argument can be refuted. The main complaint Sontag places against Arbus is that she chose ugliness and horror subjects, made them pose, and took frontal pictures that were grotesque. Sontag , with an air of disapproval, claimed that Arbus’ work â€Å"lined up assorted monsters and borderline cases-most of them ugly; wearing grotesque or unflattering clothing; in dismal or barren surroundings’. Sontag says that Arbus interest in freaks expresses a desire to violate her own innocence, to undermine her sense of being privileged, to vent her frustration at being safe. This accusation by Sontag does not have any truth in it. Arbus’ work took a dark turn in her final works when her mental health deteriorated and that was seen in the collected grouped as â€Å"Untitled, 1970-71† in the retrospective organized by the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art that showed at New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art in spring 2005. In her early works, Arbus brought out humanity in her subjects and coaxed out their personality. Sontag says that â€Å"Anybody Arbus photographed was a freak,† citing, as one of several examples, a boy waiting to march in a pro-war march wearing a â€Å"Bomb Hanoi† button. This earnest young man is definitely not a freak. The picture is of a naà ¯ve, fresh-scrubbed boy, rather typical of the 1960s, and shows the young man as he is. No doubt he is shown as ignorant and absurd in his act of wearing the Bomb Hanoi button, but he cannot be considered a â€Å"freak,† when the truth is that many Americans, sadly, supported the Vietnam War. One of the best pictures of Arbus is â€Å"The 1938 Debutante of the Year at Home, Boston, 1966,† a picture of an extremely privileged woman well into the transition from middle age to seniority smoking in her bed. Every pore of this woman exudes privilege, captured in astonishing clarity by Arbus, a perhaps unequaled master of technique (Dolack, 2006). This woman would not have considered herself a ‘freak’. Another photo that Sontag did specifically mention is the â€Å"human pincushion† of New Jersey, a middle-aged man who, while demonstrating his specialty, nonetheless is very proud. The privileged once-debutante and the circus performer are both comfortable with themselves and thus in front of the camera.Also evident in her attack on Arbus is the fact that Sontag considers the aim of a photograph is to make something beautiful. Well, one can disagree with this statement. A photograph doesn’t necessarily make something beautiful. Consider, for example, Garry Winogrand’s picture of a legless veteran surrounded by pedestrians on a busy New York street. It’s a very strong picture, compelling and well-made. Yet, the ugliness of that man’s situation is not only exposed but amplified. Then consider Winogrand’s picture of a black man looking at a rhinoceros in a zoo – the animal’s horn is missing and what’s left in its place is ugly and disturbing, as is the recognition seen in the man’s face. Thus, two photographers whose work quickly refutes S ontag’s contention are Robert Frank and Garry Winogrand. There are several others. Arbus explains: â€Å"Most people go through life dreading they’ll have a traumatic experience. Freaks were born with their trauma. They’ve already passed their test in life. They’re aristocrats.† These words show clearly that Arbus’s personal and intellectual attractions to oddities of nature and society convey a responsiveness that is also a sense of responsibility (Schjeldahl, 2005).Thus in the essay â€Å"America Seen through Photographs Darkly† Susan Sontag makes some intellectual observations and some controversial statements. While it is true that realism in American photography has been mystifying to a certain extent and every person is given importance in a photograph, it is false that there have been no photographers who understand the meaning of making a photograph ‘literate, authoritative and transcendent† Sontag is false in her claim that photographs should aim to capture the beautiful; – and false in her attacks on Arbus. Susan Sontag Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Atticus Finch Essay Example

Atticus Finch Essay Example Atticus Finch Essay Atticus Finch Essay Essay Topic: Literature Atticus Finch is the pillar of strength that holds the novel together. He is not only the source of strength for the novel itself, but also for his children and the community of Maycomb. Atticus possesses a strong sense of justice and responsibility and he stands on his principles that all men should be treated equally. The author, Harper Lee depicts Atticus as a man with strong values and character, who tries his best to defend an innocent black man, but instead of being respected and lauded, he is ostracized by society . The bad treatment he receives spills over to his children as well. His own children, Jem and Scout were even once embarrassed of him because he was older than the other fathers, that he does not hunt or fish, and they felt that he never achieved anything of significance. Atticus is a humble and modest man who preferred not to show off his talents. pg 98 Atticus is shown to be a righteous man who opposes violence, and he teaches his children the same principles that he himself believes in. He does so in a gentle manner, without using any force, choosing to let his children learn through experience. For example, on one occasion, Scout refuses to attend a\school because she felt that she was being mistreated by her teacher and that it was no use going to school as she was not learning anything. Instead of forcing Scout to attend school, Atticus reasoned with her by negotiating a deal, in which if Scout agreed to go to school, he will spend time reading with her nightly from then on. page 31 This demonstrates his fairness and patience. As he continues to be shunned by the people of Maycomb, Atticus maintained his dignity and did allow himself to be swayed by the townsfolks prejudice. Atticus believed in the virtues of understanding and sympathy and he teaches his children not to bear any grudges against the very people who have treated them unfairly. By depicting Atticus as such a good man with such an exemplary character, the author evokes a feeling of sympathy in the reader every time Atticus is treated badly by the townsfolk and shown the lack of respect that he deserves. On the one occasion where Atticus chooses not to fight back, and instead accepts the insults pg216-217calmly and with dignity, the feeling of sympathy is stirred up. Atticus Finch is therefore a man of virtue and it is his principles and faith in mankind that leads him to try to protect an innocent black man, so as to not kill a mockingbird.

Our Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan War Term Paper

Our Soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan War - Term Paper Example The wars have been compounded by the influence of Al Qaeda and foreign fighters who have infiltrated in the country. These have seriously complicated the war on terror as a result of suicide attacks and kidnappings they employ. These have dealt a big blow to the reconstruction efforts being undertaken in the two countries and also continue to pose a big threat to global security. This is due to extremist tendencies which they seem to have perfected the world over with adverse effects to mankind. Iraq woes started with the discovery of oil and the subsequent scramble for oil by the US and Great Britain in 1930s. Since her independence in 1931, the country's political arena has been characterized by a series of coups and other political upheavals that led to the coming to power of Saddam Hussein in 1979 (The Iraq crisis, n.d, Para 5). Saddam, on coming to power immediately embarked on consolidation of his dictatorial powers and an ambitious territorial expansion campaign that led to on e of the longest battles in Asia involving Iraq and Iran. Iraq later went on to invade Kuwait in 1990 and occupy it which led to its fierce confrontation with the US alongside its NATO allies. Iraq was defeated and withdrew from the country. Saddam later went on to develop nuclear weapon facilities, a move that set him at odds with the international community. Sanctions were imposed on the country after it refused to cooperate with the UN arms inspectors. This protracted competition eventually culminated into the US invasion of the country. The ouster of Saddam Hussein in 2003 led to a stream of devastation in the country caused by widespread looting and civilian bombings by pro -Saddam militias. This caused adverse effects to the countries infrastructure and a serious humanitarian crisis that called for urgent remedies. A civilian government was later installed to replace the fallen Saddam government. The move was expected to instill calm but achieved modest success due to lack of acceptance by the Iraqi people. In its counterattacks, the Iraqi forces put up fierce resistance and also attacked bases in Kuwaiti according to Lee (2009, Para. 8). Both the new government and the coalition forces continue to face heavy casualties as a result of attacks by the remaining insurgents helped by al Qaeda fighters.   Afghanistan has also had a series of uprisings since independence the most difficult period being the mujahedeen war against Russian communist occupation in the 1980s. This formed the very foundation of Al Qaeda through the inspiration of then the US-backed Osama Bin Laden. This makes the renegades a creation of US blunders in their strategies. Taliban did not pose a serious threat until they embraced Osama as their financier in exchange of allowing him to set up a base in the country. O

Economy of Germany Nowadays Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Economy of Germany Nowadays - Assignment Example Germany is one such country whose economy was largely affected by the economic recession leading to inflations and a drop in currency value. The economy has since stabilized as it continues to invest in its economy. The value of the euro has since stabilized and the trend is approaching upward exponential growth. The current biggest hurdle facing the country is an ever-increasing rate of unemployment facing young youths who are joining the job market. This has been cited to arise from the high number of foreign labor infiltrating the market due to the competitive, lucrative industrial wage rate that attracts labor from all over the world to the disadvantage of its native labor force (Wall, 2010). Germany has since maintained its competitive labor market as compared to its neighboring states owing to a well-crafted wage rate with a competent and productive pool of labor. The economy of the country has been slowed down by post-German wars that incapacitated the state and brought down the economy to ground level as everything came to a halt. It took time for Germany to recover but even then, they could not restore their resources and degraded infrastructure to their previous state. Such setbacks are what impacted the economy. The other factor affecting the economy is the high rate of unemployment as earlier mentioned. The country has no setbacks absorb its labor force into developing the economy due to the increased growth rates and frequent infiltration of labor forces from the neighboring states.  

Emerging markets Essay Example for Free

Emerging markets Essay Emerging markets are nations with social or business activity in the process of rapid growth and industrialization. The economies of China and India are considered to be the largest.[1] According to The Economist many people find the term outdated, but no new term has yet to gain much traction.[2] Emerging market hedge fund capital reached a record new level in the first quarter of 2011 of $121 billion.[3] The seven largest emerging and developing economies by either nominal GDP or GDP (PPP) are China, Brazil, Russia, India, Mexico, Indonesia, and Turkey. [pic] An emerging market economy (EME) is defined as an economy with low to middle per capita income. Such countries constitute approximately 80% of the global population, and represent about 20% of the worlds economies. The term was coined in 1981 by Antoine W. Van Agtmael of the International Finance Corporation[pic] of the World Bank. Although the term emerging market is loosely defined, countries that fall into this category, varying from very big to very small, are usually considered emerging because of their developments and reforms. Hence, even though China is deemed one of the worlds economic powerhouses, it is lumped into the category alongside much smaller economies with a great deal less resources[pic], like Tunisia. Both China and Tunisia belong to this category because both have embarked on economic development and reform programs, and have begun to open up their markets and emerge onto the global scene. EMEs are considered to be fast-growing economies. What an EME Looks Like EMEs are characterized as transitional, meaning they are in the process of moving from a closed economy to an open market economy while building accountability within the system. Examples include the former Soviet Union and Eastern bloc countries. As an emerging market, a country is embarking on an economic reform program that will lead it to stronger and more responsible economic performance levels, as well as transparency and efficiency[pic] in the capital market. An EME will also reform its exchange rate system because a stable local currency builds confidence in an economy, especially when foreigners are considering investing. Exchange rate reforms also reduce the desire for local investors to send their capital abroad (capital flight). Besides implementing reforms, an EME is also most likely receiving aid and guidance from large donor countries and/or world organizations such as the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. One key characteristic of the EME is an increase in both local and foreign investment (portfolio and direct). A growth in investment in a country often indicates that the country has been able to build confidence in the local economy. Moreover, foreign investment is a signal that the world has begun to take notice of the emerging market, and when international capital flows are directed toward an EME, the injection of foreign currency into the local economy adds volume to the countrys stock market and long-term investment to the infrastructure. For foreign investors or developed-economy businesses[pic], an EME provides an outlet for expansion by serving, for example, as a new place for a new factory or for new sources of revenue. For the recipient country, employment levels rise, labor and managerial skills become more refined, and a sharing and transfer of technology occurs. In the long-run, the EMEs overall production levels should rise, increasing its gross domestic product and eventually lessening the gap between the emerged and emerging worlds. Portfolio Investment and Risks Because their markets are in transition and hence not stable, emerging markets offer an opportunity to investors who are looking to add some risk to their portfolios. The possibility for some economies to fall back into a not-completely-resolved civil war or a revolution sparking a change in government could result in a return to nationalization, expropriation and the collapse of the capital market. Because the risk of an EME investment is higher than an investment in a developed market, panic, speculation and knee-jerk reactions are also more common the 1997 Asian crisis, during which international portfolio flows into these countries actually began to reverse themselves, is a good example of how EMEs can be high-risk investment opportunities. (For more insight on getting into emerging economies, read Forging Frontier Markets.) However, the bigger the risk, the bigger the reward, so emerging market investments have become a standard practice among investors aiming to diversify while adding risk. (For more details on the advantages and disadvantages of making foreign investments, see Is Offshore Investing For You? and Going International.)

Fighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and

Fighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberry's A Raisin in the Sun and The Cosby Show The critical reception of The Cosby Show, an enormously popular television sitcom in the 1980's, roughly paralleled that of A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberry's highly acclaimed play of the 1950's. Both the television series and the play helped change the way Blacks are portrayed in the entertainment media. But despite being initially greeted with critical praise, both subsequently fell under heavy scrutiny by many critics for being too assimilationist. However, in both cases, the charges of assimilation may perhaps be too harsh. A Raisin in the Sun, a drama of a middle-class family in Chicago, should not be regarded as a wholehearted endorsement of black assimilation into "white society. " Instead, the play offers a rather realistic view of the complexity of struggles that involves this issue. The Cosby Show, a comedy series about a successful upper-middle-class black family in New York, must also not be viewed as an endorsement of black assimilation into "white society ." Instead, the sitcom dealt with universal family issues and posited traditional family values and morals. But most importantly of all, both tried to do away with the prevailing negative black stereotypes in order to promote more positive and realistic representations. The claim that A Raisin in the Sun expresses the idea of black assimilation can be somewhat justified. Walter Lee Younger and George Murchison openly and consciously admit that desire for the white lifestyle. George has willingly denounced his race rather than uplifted it and is the epitome of a black man that has fully assimilated into the White mainstream. Walter, on the other hand,... ...revolution, not the just the entertainment industry. Works Cited Color Adjustment.Videotape. Dir. Marlon Riggs. Narr. Rudy Dee. California newsreel.1991. 87 min. Crenshaw, Anthony. "The Cosby Show Changed the Way Blacks are Viewed." Once Upon a Time in the Eighties. (1995) n. pag. Online. Internet. 3 Aug. 1998. Link to above site: www.engl.virginia.edu/~enwr1016/amc2d/cosby.html Pouissant, Alvin. "The Huxtables: fact or Fantasy." Ebony. Oct. 1988. 72-74. Turner, Darwin T. "Visions of Love and Manliness in a Blackening World :Dramas of Black Life Since 1953." The Black Scholar. vol. 25. No.2. 2-12. Link to the Lorraine Hansberry Page: http://www.%20accd.edu/sac/english/bailey/hansberr.htm Link to an interesting site which provides some helpful info and question about A Raisin in the Sun: www.randomhouse.com/acmart/raisintg.html

Basketball: Then vs. Now Essay

The sport of basketball was invented 113 years ago. The first original 13 rules of basketball are much different than the rules today. Not only have the rules evolved, but also the number of players, regulation time, and mainly just the dynamics of the game altogether. After explanation, you will be able to see how many changes basketball has truly undergone to become what it is now. The original 13 rules of basketball written by James Naismith are as follows: 1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands. 2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands (never with the fist). 3. A player cannot run with the ball. The player must throw it from the spot on which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when running at a good speed if he tries to stop. 4. The ball must be held in or between the hands; the arms or body must not be used for holding it. 5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping, or striking in any way the person of an opponent shall be allowed; the first infringement of this rule by any player shall count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or, if there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no substitute allowed. 6. A foul is striking at the ball with the fist, violation of Rules 3,4, and such as described in Rule 5. 7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls, it shall count a goal for the opponents (consecutive means without the opponents in the mean time making a foul). 8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from the grounds  into the basket and stays there, providing those defending the goal do not touch or disturb the goal. If the ball rests on the edges, and the opponent moves the basket, it shall count as a goal. 9. When the ball goes out of bounds, it shall be thrown into the field of play by the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it straight into the field. The thrower-in is allowed five seconds; if he holds it longer, it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the umpire shall call a foul on that side. 10. The umpire shall be judge of the men and shall note the fouls and notify the referee when three consecutive fouls have been made. He shall have power to disqualify men according to Rule 5. 11. The referee shall be judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in play, in bounds, to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall decide when a goal has been made, and keep account of the goals with any other duties that are usually performed by a referee. 12. The time shall be two 15-minute halves, with five minutes’ rest between. 13. The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until another goal is made. Of course, if you have any common knowledge of how basketball is played, you know very well that today’s play is much different. Many of these rules have changed, including the dribble. Dribbling was created as an escape from the defense. Players could also run down the court tapping the ball in the air without it touching the floor, or could dribble the ball using both hands. Now days, you cannot move with the ball unless you are using a one handed dribble. Until 1916, a player could not shoot after dribbling. He had to pass the ball. Scoring has also changed much since then. In the beginning, field goals  counted for one point, and a player who fouled was sent to a penalty box, as in hockey. If a team fouled three consecutive times, the opponent got a field goal. This rule was eventually replaced by free throws. By 1895, field goals were worth two points and free throws one. For many years, each team had one player who shot all the free throws. That rule was changed in 1910 by a New York league that required who was fouled to shoot the free throw. This rule still holds today. There are also boundary lines on the basketball court marking in and out of bounds. Before the creation of those, when a ball went anywhere on the court, the team that got to the ball first gained possession. This caused teams to go crashing into the spectators, walls, and hallways. Today, we have out of bounds and whichever team caused the ball to go out of bounds, the opponents gain possession with a throw-in. Other changes such as uniform colors, dunking rules, regulations on backboards, time-outs, overtime, fouling out, backcourt rules, free throws, and three pointers were also engaged in change, some over and over again until they became what they are today. There was much controversy about the three pointer. It was invented for a catch up method when a team was behind. Indeed, this did work, and in 1980, Western Carolina’s Ronnie Carr drilled a three-point field goal, the first in the history of basketball. Few rules have ever impacted the game of basketball as the introduction of the three pointer. College coaches and many other personnel were interested with the three and there was never any talk of getting rid of it. Not only was it a great offensive weapon for teams, it was also very exciting, resulting in higher ticket sales, and it required more skill than the older popular attraction, the dunk. Basketball is a great American sport, and perhaps one that requires the most skill along with a great mental game. Personally, it is one of my favorites, and it is amazing how it has evolved from 1891 to 2004.

Inductive Deductive Research - 801 Words

INDUCTIVE DEDUCTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH Meritorious Prof. Dr. S. M. Aqil Burney Director UBIT Chairman Department of Computer Science University of Karachi burney@computer.org www.drburney.net Designed and Assisted by Hussain Saleem hussainsaleem@uok.edu.pk 06th March 2008 Well begun is half done --Aristotle, quoting an old proverb 2 Research Methods In research, we often refer to the two broad methods of reasoning as the deductive and inductive approaches. Research Types Deductive Approach Inductive Approach 3 Deductive Research Approach THEORY HYPOTHESIS OBSERVATION Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. Sometimes this is informally called a top-down†¦show more content†¦PP 61-75 61 CS/IT† 8 9 Reasoning methods and Argumentation The main division between forms of reasoning that is made in philosophy is between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning. Formal logic has been described as the science of deduction . The study of inductive reasoning is generally carried out within the field known as informal logic or critical thinking. 10 http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/publicat/cdic-mcc/18-3/d_e.html 11 Automated Reasoning †¢ Logic lends itself to automation. †¢ A variety of problems can be attacked by representing the problem description and relevant background information as logical axioms and treating problem instances as theorems to be proved. 12 72/98 Logic and Reasoning Reasoning Using given knowledge and truth value help us to solve, understand real life problems. Logical Reasoning Probabilistic Reasoning Bayesian Networks Subjective Objective 13 EXAMPLE †¢ †¢ †¢ p: All mathematicians wear glasses q: Anyone who wears glasses is an algebraist r: All mathematicians are algebraist p∠§q → r ≠¡ ( ∠¼( p∠§q) ∠¨ r) 14 TRUTH TABLE Truth Table for the formulae built with the Logical Operators p T T T T F F F F q T T F F T T F F r T F T F T F T F pΛq ~(pΛq) ~(pΛq)Vr Λ Λ Λ T F T T F F F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T F T T 15 If r is the conclusion, and we know that p and q are true simultaneously then r is valid statement. In real life, theShow MoreRelatedIs Deductive And The Second Is Inductive Research Approach?965 Words   |  4 PagesMethodology 1.1. Research Approach. The research approach is divided by two main groups, the First is Deductive and the Second is Inductive Research Approach. The differences between them are, the Deductive Approach is using the theory and testing it with the aim. 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